Muharram

Muharram is the month with which the Muslims begin their lunar hijrah calendar. It is one of the four sanctified months about which the Holy Qur'an says:

"The number of the months with Allah has been twelve, in the Book of Allah, since the time He created the heavens and the earth. Four of them are sacred."

These four months, according to the authentic traditions, are Dhu'l-Qa'dah, Dhu'l-Hijjah, Muharram and Rajab. All the commentators of the Holy Qur'an are unanimous on this point because the Holy Prophet, peace be upon him, in his sermon on the occasion of his last Hajj, declared:

"One year consists of twelve months, of which four are sanctified months, three of them are in sequence; Dhu'l-Qa'dah, Dhu'l-Hijjah, Muharram, and the fourth is Rajab."

The specific mention of these four months does not mean that any other month has no sanctity, because the month of Ramadhan is admittedly the most sanctified month in the year. But these four months were specifically termed as sanctified months for the simple reason that their sanctity was accepted even by the pagans of Makkah.

In fact, every month, out of the twelve, is originally equal to the other, and there is no inherent sanctity that may be attributed to one of them in comparison to the other months. When Allah Almighty chooses a particular time for His special blessings, the same acquires sanctity out of His grace.

Thus, the sanctity of these four months was recognized right from the days of Sayyidina Ibrahim, peace be upon him. Since the Pagans of Makkah attributed themselves to Sayyidina Ibrahim, they observed the sanctity of these four months and despite their frequent tribal battles, they held it unlawful to fight in these months.

In the shari'ah of our Noble Prophet, upon whom be peace, the sanctity of these months was upheld and the Holy Qur'an referred to them as the "sanctified months".

Muharram has certain other characteristics special to it, which are specified below.

Fasting During the Month

The Noble Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

"The best fasts after the fasts of Ramadhan are those of the month of Muharram."

Although the fasts of the month of Muharram are not obligatory, yet one who fasts in these days out of his own will is entitled to a great reward by Allah Almighty. The hadith cited above signifies that the fasts of the month of Muharram are most rewarding ones among the nafl or voluntary fasts.

The hadith does not mean that the award promised for fasts of Muharram can be achieved only by fasting for the whole month. On the contrary, each fast during this month has merit. Therefore, one should avail of this opportunity as much as he can.

The Day of Ashurah

Although Muharram is a sanctified month as a whole, yet, the 10th day of Muharram is the most sacred among all its days. The day is named Ashurah. According to the Holy Companion Ibn 'Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, the Holy Prophet, peace be upon him, when he had migrated to Madinah, found that the Jews of Madinah used to fast on the 10th day of Muharram. They said that it was the day on which the Holy Prophet Musa, peace be upon him, and his followers crossed the Red Sea miraculously and the Pharaoh was drowned in its waters. On hearing this from the Jews the Holy Prophet, peace be upon him, said, "We are more closely related to Musa than you," and directed the Muslims to fast on the day of Ashurah. [Recorded by Abu Dawud]

It is also reported in a number of authentic traditions that in the beginning, fasting on the day of Ashurah was obligatory for the Muslims. It was later that the fasts of Ramadhan were made obligatory and the fast on the day of Ashurah was made optional. Sayyidina 'A'ishah, may Allah be pleased with her, said, "When the Holy Prophet, upon whom be peace, came to Madinah, he fasted on the day of Ashurah and directed the people to fast. But when the fasts of Ramadhan were made obligatory, the obligation of fasting was confined to Ramadhan and the obligatory nature of the fast of Ashurah was abandoned. Whoever so desires should fast on it and any other who so likes can avoid fasting on it." [Sunan Abi Dawud]

However the Holy Prophet, peace be upon him, used to fast on the day of Ashurah even after the fasting in Ramadhan was made obligatory. 'Abdullah ibn Musa, may Allah be pleased with him, reports that the Holy Prophet preferred the fast of Ashurah on the fasts of other days and preferred the fasts of Ramadhan on the fast of Ashurah.

In short, it is established through a number of authentic ahadith that fasting on the day of Ashurah is the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet, peace be upon him, and makes one entitled to a great reward.

According to another hadith, it is more advisable that the fast of Ashurah should either be preceded or followed by another fast. It means that one should fast two days: the 9th and 10th of Muharram or the 10th and 11th. The reason of this additional fast as mentioned by the Holy Prophet, peace be upon him, is that the Jews used to fast on the day of Ashurah alone, and the Holy Prophet, peace be upon him, wanted to distinguish the Muslim way of fasting from that of Jews. Therefore, he advised the Muslims to add another fast to that of Ashurah.

Some traditions signify another feature of the day of Ashurah. According to these traditions, one should be more generous to his family by providing more food to them on this day as compared to other days. These traditions are not very authentic according to the science of hadith. Yet, some scholars like Bayhaqi andIbn Hibban have accepted them as reliable.

What is mentioned above is all that is supported through authentic sources about Ashurah.

Misconceptions and Baseless Traditions

However, there are some legends and misconceptions with regard to Ashurah that have managed to find their way into the minds of the ignorant, but have no support of authentic Islamic sources, some very common of them are these:

• This is the day on which Adam, upon him be peace, was created;
• This is the day when Ibrahim, upon him be peace, was born;
• This is the day when Allah accepted the repentance of Sayyidina Adam;
• This is the day when Doomsday will take place; and (amongst others)
• Whoever takes bath on the day of Ashurah will never get ill.

All these and other similar whims and fancies are totally baseless and the traditions referred to in this respect are not worthy of any credit. Some people take it as sunnah to prepare a particular type of meal on the day of Ashurah. This practice, too, has no basis in the authentic Islamic sources.

Some other people attribute the sanctity of Ashurah to the martyrdom of Sayyidina Hussayn, may Allah be pleased with him, during his battle with the Syrian army. No doubt, the martyrdom of Sayyidina Hussayn is one of the most tragic episodes of our history. Yet, the sanctity of Ashurah cannot be ascribed to this event for the simple reason that the sanctity of Ashurah was established during the days of the Holy Prophet, peace be upon him, much earlier than the birth of Sayyidina Hussayn.

On the contrary, it is one of the merits of Sayyidina Hussayn, that his martyrdom took place on the day of Ashurah.

Another misconception about the month of Muharram is that it is an evil or unlucky month, for Sayyidina Hussayn was killed in it. It is for this misconception that people avoid holding marriage ceremonies in the month of Muharram. This is again a baseless concept, which is contrary to the express teachings of the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah. If the death of an eminent person on a particular day renders that day unlucky for all times to come, one can hardly find a day of the year free from this bad luck because every day is associated with the demise of some eminent person. The Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet, upon whom be peace, have liberated us from such superstitious beliefs.

Lamentations and Mourning

Another wrong practice related to this month is to hold the lamentation and mourning ceremonies in the memory of martyrdom of Sayyidina Hussayn, may Allah be pleased with him. As mentioned earlier, the event of Karbala is one of the most tragic events of our history but the Holy Prophet, peace be upon him, has forbidden us from holding the mourning ceremonies on the death of any person. The people of jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic ignorance) used to mourn over their deceased through loud lamentations, by tearing their clothes and by beating their cheeks and chests. The Holy Prophet, upon whom be peace, stopped the Muslims from doing all this and directed them to observe patience by saying "Inna lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un" (from Allah we come, and to him we return).

A number of authentic ahadith are available on the subject. To quote only one of them:

"He is not from our group who slaps his checks, tears his clothes and cries in the manner of the people of jahiliyyah."

All the authentic jurists are unanimous on the point that the mourning of this type is impermissible. Even Sayyidina Hussayn shortly before his demise had advised his beloved sister Sayyidinah Zaynab, may Allah be pleased with her, at not to mourn over his death in this manner. He said:

"My dear sister! I swear upon you that in case I die you shall not tear your clothes, nor scratch your face, nor curse anyone for me or pray for your death." [Al-Kamil, Ibn Kathir, vol. 4, p. 24]

It is evident from this advice of Sayyidina Hussayn that this type of mourning is condemned even by the blessed person for the memory of whom these mourning ceremonies are held. Every Muslim should avoid this practice and abide by the teachings of the Holy Prophet, upon whom be peace, and his beloved grandchild Sayyidina Hussayn.