Month of Sha'ban, The

In the hadith quoted above there is an indication that even though certain times, places and people may be commonly thought to posses a particular virtue, there may be others that are better than them.

It also indicates that it is mustahabb to make good use of the times when people tend to be negligent, by doing acts of worship. A group of the Salaf used to fill the time between Maghrib and 'Isha' with prayer, saying that it was a time when many people were negligent. Another example is the remembrance of Allah (dhikr) in the marketplace, because this means one is remembering Him in a place where people tend to be negligent and among people who are negligent. There are a number of benefits that come from making good use of times when people are often negligent, and using these times for worship, including the following:

It is more concealing of one's good works, and hiding and concealing nafil actions is better, especially fasting, because it is a secret between a slave and his Lord. Hence it was said that there is no element of showing off in fasting. One of the Salaf used to fast for years without anybody knowing about it; he would go from his home to the marketplace carrying two loaves of bread, which he would give away in charity, and he would fast. His family thought that he ate the bread, whilst the people in the marketplace thought that he had eaten at home. The Salaf thought it was mustahabb for a person who was fasting to do things that would conceal the fact that he was fasting. It was reported that Ibn Mas'ud said: "When you get up in the morning and you are fasting, then apply perfume." Qatadah said: "It is mustahabb for the [man] who is fasting to apply perfume so that there will be no sign that he is fasting."

By the same token, doing righteous deeds at times when people are distracted and negligent is more difficult. One of the indications of how virtuous a deed is, is how difficult it is: if everyone is doing a certain action, it is easy, but if most people are negligent, this makes it more difficult for those who do remember Allah. Muslim (no. 2984) narrated from the hadith of Ma'qil ibn Yassar: "[The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said:] 'Worship at times of tribulation (fitnah) is like Hijrah to me.' " (The phrase "worship at times of tribulation" refers to times of upheavals and trials, when people follow their own desires, and those who adhere to Islam are doing something difficult.)

The scholars differed as to the reasons why the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) fasted so much in Sha'ban. Their various opinions were as follows:

• That he had been unable to fast three days out of every month because he was travelling or for some other reason, so he made them all up together in Sha'ban. When the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) began to do some nafil action, he would persist in it, and if he missed it, he would make it up later.
• It was said that his wives used to make up the days that they missed of Ramadhan in Sha'ban, so he used to fast because of that. This is the opposite of what was reported from 'Aishah, that she used to delay making up days that she had missed in Ramadhan until Sha'ban because she was too busy with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) to fast.
• It was said that it was because this is a month which people do not pay attention to. This is the most correct view, because of the hadith of 'Usamah quoted above, in which it says: "That is a month to which people do not pay attention, between Rajab and Ramadhan." [Narrated by an-Nasa'i, see Sahih at-Targhib wa't-Tarhib, p. 425]

When Sha'ban began, if the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) still had some voluntary fasts outstanding that he had not fasted, he would make them up during Sha'ban so that his nafil fasts would be complete before Ramadhan came. Similarly, if he had missed some Sunnah prayers or he had missed Qiyam al-Layl, he would make it up. 'A'ishah used to make the most of this opportunity to make up any obligatory Ramadhan fasts that she had missed because of menstruation; during other months she was too busy with the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) to fast. We should also note here that anyone who has any missed fasts to make up has to make them up before the next Ramadhan comes. It is not permissible to delay it until after the following Ramadhan except in cases of necessity (such as a valid excuse that continues between each Ramadhan). Whoever is able to make them up before the (second) Ramadhan and does not do so, has to make them up after the (second) Ramadhan and in addition to that, he has to repent and to feed one poor person for each day that he missed. This is the view of Malik, ash-Shafi'i and Ahmad.

Another benefit of fasting in Sha'ban is that it is a kind of training for the Ramadhan fast, in case a person finds it difficult to fast when Ramadhan starts; if he fasts in Sha'ban he will have gotten used to fasting and he will feel strong and energetic when Ramadhan comes. Sha'ban is like an introduction to Ramadhan and it has some things in common with Ramadhan, such as fasting, reciting Qur'an and giving in charity. Salamah ibn Suhayl used to say: "The month of Sha'ban is the month of reciters (of the Qur'an)." Habib ibn Abi Thabit used to say, when Sha'ban came, "This is the month of reciters (of the Qur'an)." When Sha'ban came, 'Amr ibn Qays al-Mala'i used to close his store and devote his time to reading the Qur'an.

Fasting at the End of Sha'ban

It was reported in as-Sahihayn from 'Imran ibn Husayn (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said to a man, "Have you fasted anything of the sirar of this month?" He said, "No." He said: "If you have not fasted, then fast two days." According to a report narrated by al-Bukhari: I think he meant Ramadhan. According to a report narrated by Muslim, (the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)) said: "Have you fasted anything of the sirar of Sha'ban?" [Narrated by al-Bukhari, 4/2000; Muslim, no. 1161]

There was some dispute as to the meaning of the word sirar. The most well known view is that it refers to the end of the month. The end of the month is called sirar because the moon is hidden (istisrar) at that time. Someone may raise the point that it was reported in as-Sahihayn from Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "Do not pre-empt Ramadhan by one or two days, except for those who have the habit of fasting regularly, in which case they may fast." [Reported by al-Bukhari, no 1983; Muslim, no. 1082] How can we reconcile the hadith which encourages fasting at this time with the hadith which says not to fast at this time? The answer is: many of the scholars and most of those who commented on this hadith said: this man to whom the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) addressed this question was known to have the habit of fasting regularly, or else he had made a vow, so the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) commanded him to make up his fast. There are also other points of view on this issue. In brief we may say that there are three scenarios for fasting at the end of Sha'ban.

• The first scenario is when a person fasts at the end of Sha'ban with the intention of being on the safe side and not missing the first day of Ramadhan. This is forbidden.
• The second scenario is when a person fasts with the intention of fulfilling a vow or of making up a day of Ramadhan that he missed or as an act of expiation (kafarah), etc. This is permissible according to the majority.
• The third scenario is when this is purely a voluntary fast. This is regarded as makruh by those who said that we should differentiate between Sha'ban and Ramadhan by not fasting for a while. Among those who said this was al-Hasan. If it happens to coincide with a day when a person habitually fasts, Malik and those who agreed with him permitted this, but ash-Shafi'i, al-'Awza'i, Ahmad and others made a distinction between cases where it is a fast which a person habitually observes or otherwise.

In conclusion, the hadith of Abu Hurayrah quoted above is what we should follow according to the majority of scholars. It is makruh to observe a voluntary fast one or two days before Ramadhan for those who do not habitually fast on those days and who have not previously fasted until the end of Sha'ban. It may be asked: why is it makruh to fast just before Ramadhan (for those who do not have a prior habit of fasting)? The answer is that there are a number of reasons why this is so, such as:

Firstly: lest extra days be added to the fast of Ramadhan that are not part of it. Fasting on the day of 'Eid is prohibited for the same reason, lest we fall into the same trap as the People of the Book with regard to fasting, as they added to their fasts because of their own whims and desires.

For the same reason it is also forbidden to fast on the "day of doubt". 'Ammar said: whoever fasts on this day has disobeyed Abul-Qasim (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).

The "day of doubt" is a day when people are not sure whether it is Ramadhan or not, when news of the sighting of the crescent moon comes from one whose word cannot be accepted. As for a cloudy day, some of the 'Ulama' said that this was also a 'day of doubt' and said that fasting was not allowed on this day. This is the view of the majority.

Secondly: to make a distinction between fard (obligatory) fasts and nafil (supererogatory) fasts, because making a clear distinction between fard actions and nafil actions is prescribed in Islam. Hence it is haram to fast on the day of 'Eid, and the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) forbade following an obligatory prayer immediately with another prayer unless they are separated by saying salam or speaking, especially in the case of the Sunnah prayer performed just before Fajr. It is prescribed to make a clear separation between this prayer and the obligatory prayer. Hence it is prescribed to pray it at home and to lie down afterwards.

When the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) saw a man praying at the time when the iqamah had been given for Fajr, he said to him: "As-Subh is four raka'at." [Narrated by al-Bukhari, no. 663]

Some ignorant people may think that the reason why we do not fast just before Ramadhan is so that we can make the most of eating and have our fill of our desires before we have to deny ourselves by fasting. This is an ignorant mistake on the part of those who think this. And Allah knows best.

References

Lata'if al-Ma'arif fima li Mawasim al-'Am min al-Waza'if, by Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali

Al-Ilman bi shay'in min Ahkam as-Siyam, by 'Abdul-'Aziz ar-Rajihi

And Allah is the Source of strength.